The following is an outline of the classification according to Branches 1–7 are the Northern Athabaskan (areal) grouping. Rice's is probably the newest attempt at a Pan-Athabaskan template, but it is not the only one. The language is spoken to a much lesser degree in the northern Mexican states of For alternative names for the languages, see the classifications given later in this article.
It is crucial to recognize that the symbols conventionally used to represent voiced stops and affricates are actually used in the Athabaskan literature to represent The traditional reconstruction of the Proto-Athabaskan sound system consists of 45 consonants (Cook 1981; Krauss & Golla 1981; Krauss & Leer 1981; Cook & Rice 1989), as detailed in the following table. Speakers of several languages, such as Navajo and Gwich'in, span the boundaries between different states and provinces. 61 relations. It is, as Leer (1990:77) puts it, "the hallmark of Na-Dene languages".
(Tuttle & Hargus 2004:74) Self-designations for Western Apache and Navajo are There are several well-known historical people whose first language was Southern Athabaskan. Vowels can carry tone as well as syllabic The practical orthography has tried to simplify the Additionally, rising tone on long vowels is indicated by an unmarked first vowel and an acute accent on the second. The Eastern subgroup consists of Jicarilla and Lipan. We have created a browser extension.
The other dimension is the "D-effect", surfacing as the presence or absence of either vocalization or an alveolar stop. Sapir's first fieldwork on Athabaskan languages was with Chasta Costa and Kato, both Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages that lack tone. Nonetheless, Rice's generalization of the verb template based on various languages in the family is a reasonable approximation of what the structure of the Proto-Athabaskan verb might look like.
Below is a table pairing up the phonetic notation with the orthographic symbol:Southern Athabaskan languages have four vowels of contrasting tongue dimensions (as written in a general "practical" orthography):These vowels may also be short or long and oral (non-nasal) or nasal. Kwalhioqua–Clatskanai (#7) was normally placed inside the Pacific Coast grouping, but a recent consideration by Krauss (2005) does not find it very similar to these languages. Southern Athabaskan (also Apachean) is a subfamily of Athabaskan languages spoken primarily in the Southwestern United States (including Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah) and the Mexican state of Sonora, with two outliers in Oklahoma and Texas. I have designated them by the arbitrary denomination of Athabascas, which derived from the original name of the lake.The four spellings—"Athabaskan", "Athabascan", "Athapaskan", and "Athapascan"—are in approximately equal use.
The seven Southern Athabaskan languages can be divided into two groups according to the classification of Hoijer's classification is based primarily on the differences of the pronunciation of the initial Mescalero and Chiricahua are considered different languagesAll Southern Athabaskan languages are somewhat similar in their Southern Athabaskan languages generally have a consonant inventory similar to the set of 33 consonants below (based mostly on Western Apache): Southern Athabaskan (also Apachean) is a subfamily of Athabaskan languages spoken primarily in the Southwestern United States (including Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah) with two outliers in Oklahoma and Texas. Despite this inadequacy, current comparative Athabaskan literature demonstrates that most Athabaskanists still use the three-way geographic grouping rather than any of the proposed linguistic groupings given below, because none of them has been widely accepted. Would you like Wikipedia to always look as professional and up-to-date?
A different classification by Jeff Leer is the following, usually called the "Leer classification" (Tuttle & Hargus 2004:72–74):
These languages are spoken by various groups of Apache and Navajo peoples.
Leer (2005:284) also offered a vowel system consisting of four long or full vowels and three short or reduced vowels which are more centralized. The seven Southern Athabaskan languages can be divided into 2 groups according to the classification of Harry Hoijer: (I) Plains and (II) Southwestern. Reflecting an ancient migration of peoples, they are spoken by Native Americans in the American Southwest and the northwestern part of The following list gives the Athabaskan languages organized by their geographic location in various North American states and provinces (including some languages that are now extinct).
The terminology in comparison:
This proto-phoneme is not given in the table above, but is always assumed to be somehow a part of the Proto-Athabaskan inventory. Other linguists, particularly Other differences and similarities among the Southern Athabaskan languages can be observed in the following modified and abbreviated A newer reconstruction by Leer (2005:284) constitutes a significant reorganization of the system. Peculiarly, in Kwalhioqua-Tlatskanai, it seems to have been /x/ in at least some forms of the first-person-subject verb prefix (Krauss 1976b). It thus forms a notional sort of bridge between the Northern Athabaskan languages and the Pacific Coast languages, along with Nicola (Krauss 1979/2004). The six Southern Athabaskan languages are distantly isolated from both the Pacific Coast languages and the Northern languages as they are spoken in the American Southwest and the northwestern part of Mexico. For any of the ships named HMCS Athabaskan, see Large group of indigenous languages of North AmericaGeographic distribution of the Athabaskan languages
Every page goes through Historical distribution of Southern Athabaskan languages⪠Apache Talks with Grand doughter of Nachez, Elbys Hugar(Chiricahua)⪠Beyond Our Borders: The Algonquin and Athabaskan Language GroupsThe source code for the WIKI 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the Mozilla Foundation, Google, and Apple. The 32 Northern Athabaskan languages are spoken throughout the interior of The seven or more Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages are spoken in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Kari (1989) and elsewhere uses + to indicate morpheme boundaries. The Southwestern group can be further divided into two subgroups (A) Western and (B) Eastern.